diff --git a/spec/compiler/passes/compute-params.spec.js b/spec/compiler/passes/compute-params.spec.js
index 4355836..ec1bdee 100644
--- a/spec/compiler/passes/compute-params.spec.js
+++ b/spec/compiler/passes/compute-params.spec.js
@@ -63,6 +63,12 @@ describe("compiler pass |computeParams|", function() {
       );
     });
 
+    it("computes params for an action", function() {
+      expect(pass).toChangeAST('start = (a:"a" { }) { }', innerExpressionDetails({
+        params: { a: "result0" }
+      }));
+    });
+
     it("computes params for a sequence", function() {
       expect(pass).toChangeAST(
         'start = (a:"a" { }) "b" "c"',
@@ -113,12 +119,6 @@ describe("compiler pass |computeParams|", function() {
         params: { a: "result1" }
       }));
     });
-
-    it("computes params for an action", function() {
-      expect(pass).toChangeAST('start = (a:"a" { }) { }', innerExpressionDetails({
-        params: { a: "result0" }
-      }));
-    });
   });
 
   describe("scoping", function() {
@@ -129,6 +129,12 @@ describe("compiler pass |computeParams|", function() {
       );
     });
 
+    it("creates a new scope for an action", function() {
+      expect(pass).toChangeAST('start = (a:"a" { }) { }', expressionDetails({
+        params: {}
+      }));
+    });
+
     it("does not create a new scope for a sequence", function() {
       expect(pass).toChangeAST(
         'start = a:"a" b:"b" c:"c" { }',
@@ -197,11 +203,5 @@ describe("compiler pass |computeParams|", function() {
         params: {}
       }));
     });
-
-    it("creates a new scope for an action", function() {
-      expect(pass).toChangeAST('start = (a:"a" { }) { }', expressionDetails({
-        params: {}
-      }));
-    });
   });
 });
diff --git a/spec/compiler/passes/compute-var-names.spec.js b/spec/compiler/passes/compute-var-names.spec.js
index bbaf3b7..8d32efe 100644
--- a/spec/compiler/passes/compute-var-names.spec.js
+++ b/spec/compiler/passes/compute-var-names.spec.js
@@ -51,6 +51,18 @@ describe("compiler pass |computeVarNames|", function() {
     }));
   });
 
+  it("computes variable names for an action", function() {
+    expect(pass).toChangeAST('start = &"a" { code }', ruleDetails({
+      resultVars: ["result0"],
+      posVars:    ["pos0", "pos1"],
+      expression: {
+        resultVar:  "result0",
+        posVar:     "pos0",
+        expression: { resultVar: "result0", posVar: "pos1" }
+      }
+    }));
+  });
+
   it("computes variable names for a sequence", function() {
     expect(pass).toChangeAST('start = ', ruleDetails({
       resultVars: ["result0"],
@@ -183,18 +195,6 @@ describe("compiler pass |computeVarNames|", function() {
     }));
   });
 
-  it("computes variable names for an action", function() {
-    expect(pass).toChangeAST('start = &"a" { code }', ruleDetails({
-      resultVars: ["result0"],
-      posVars:    ["pos0", "pos1"],
-      expression: {
-        resultVar:  "result0",
-        posVar:     "pos0",
-        expression: { resultVar: "result0", posVar: "pos1" }
-      }
-    }));
-  });
-
   it("computes variable names for a rule reference", function() {
     expect(pass).toChangeAST('start = a', ruleDetails({
       resultVars: ["result0"],
diff --git a/spec/compiler/passes/remove-proxy-rules.spec.js b/spec/compiler/passes/remove-proxy-rules.spec.js
index 6cde306..4030239 100644
--- a/spec/compiler/passes/remove-proxy-rules.spec.js
+++ b/spec/compiler/passes/remove-proxy-rules.spec.js
@@ -41,6 +41,10 @@ describe("compiler pass |removeProxyRules|", function() {
     );
   });
 
+  it("removes proxy rule from an action", function() {
+    expect(pass).toChangeAST(proxyGrammar('start = proxy { }'), simpleDetails);
+  });
+
   it("removes proxy rule from a sequence", function() {
     expect(pass).toChangeAST(
       proxyGrammar('start = proxy "a" "b"'),
@@ -75,8 +79,4 @@ describe("compiler pass |removeProxyRules|", function() {
   it("removes proxy rule from a one or more", function() {
     expect(pass).toChangeAST(proxyGrammar('start = proxy+'), simpleDetails);
   });
-
-  it("removes proxy rule from an action", function() {
-    expect(pass).toChangeAST(proxyGrammar('start = proxy { }'), simpleDetails);
-  });
 });
diff --git a/spec/compiler/passes/report-left-recursion.spec.js b/spec/compiler/passes/report-left-recursion.spec.js
index 1155b02..68f8e09 100644
--- a/spec/compiler/passes/report-left-recursion.spec.js
+++ b/spec/compiler/passes/report-left-recursion.spec.js
@@ -51,6 +51,10 @@ describe("compiler pass |reportLeftRecursion|", function() {
     expect(pass).toReportLeftRecursionIn('start = "a" / "b" / start');
   });
 
+  it("reports left recursion inside an action", function() {
+    expect(pass).toReportLeftRecursionIn('start = start { }');
+  });
+
   it("reports left recursion inside a sequence", function() {
     expect(pass).toReportLeftRecursionIn('start = start "a" "b"');
   });
@@ -79,10 +83,6 @@ describe("compiler pass |reportLeftRecursion|", function() {
     expect(pass).toReportLeftRecursionIn('start = start+');
   });
 
-  it("reports left recursion inside an action", function() {
-    expect(pass).toReportLeftRecursionIn('start = start { }');
-  });
-
   it("reports indirect left recursion", function() {
     expect(pass).toReportLeftRecursionIn([
       'start = stop',
diff --git a/spec/compiler/passes/report-missing-rules.spec.js b/spec/compiler/passes/report-missing-rules.spec.js
index edd221d..6acaa47 100644
--- a/spec/compiler/passes/report-missing-rules.spec.js
+++ b/spec/compiler/passes/report-missing-rules.spec.js
@@ -51,6 +51,10 @@ describe("compiler pass |reportMissingRules|", function() {
     expect(pass).toReportMissingRuleIn('start = "a" / "b" / missing');
   });
 
+  it("reports missing rule referenced from an action", function() {
+    expect(pass).toReportMissingRuleIn('start = missing { }');
+  });
+
   it("reports missing rule referenced from a sequence", function() {
     expect(pass).toReportMissingRuleIn('start = missing "a" "b"');
     expect(pass).toReportMissingRuleIn('start = "a" "b" missing');
@@ -79,8 +83,4 @@ describe("compiler pass |reportMissingRules|", function() {
   it("reports missing rule referenced from a one or more", function() {
     expect(pass).toReportMissingRuleIn('start = missing+');
   });
-
-  it("reports missing rule referenced from an action", function() {
-    expect(pass).toReportMissingRuleIn('start = missing { }');
-  });
 });
diff --git a/spec/generated-parser.spec.js b/spec/generated-parser.spec.js
index adc9bd9..0310388 100644
--- a/spec/generated-parser.spec.js
+++ b/spec/generated-parser.spec.js
@@ -197,6 +197,96 @@ describe("generated parser", function() {
       });
     });
 
+    describe("action code", function() {
+      it("tranforms the expression result by returnung a non-|null| value", function() {
+        var parser = PEG.buildParser('start = "a" { return 42; }', options);
+
+        expect(parser).toParse("a", 42);
+      });
+
+      it("causes match failure by returning |null|", function() {
+        var parser = PEG.buildParser('start = "a" { return null; }', options);
+
+        expect(parser).toFailToParse("a");
+      });
+
+      it("is not called when the expression does not match", function() {
+        var parser = PEG.buildParser(
+              'start = "a" { throw "Boom!"; } / "b"',
+              options
+            );
+
+        expect(parser).toParse("b", "b");
+      });
+
+      it("can use label variables", function() {
+        var parser = PEG.buildParser('start = a:"a" { return a; }', options);
+
+        expect(parser).toParse("a", "a");
+      });
+
+      it("can use the |offset| variable to get the current parse position", function() {
+        var parser = PEG.buildParser(
+              'start = "a" ("b" { return offset; })',
+              options
+            );
+
+        expect(parser).toParse("ab", ["a", 1]);
+      });
+
+      if (options.trackLineAndColumn) {
+        it("can use the |line| and |column| variables to get the current line and column", function() {
+          var parser = PEG.buildParser([
+                '{ var result; }',
+                'start  = line (nl+ line)* { return result; }',
+                'line   = thing (" "+ thing)*',
+                'thing  = digit / mark',
+                'digit  = [0-9]',
+                'mark   = "x" { result = [line, column]; }',
+                'nl     = ("\\r" / "\\n" / "\\u2028" / "\\u2029")'
+              ].join("\n"), options);
+
+          expect(parser).toParse("1\n2\n\n3\n\n\n4 5 x", [7, 5]);
+
+          /* Non-Unix newlines */
+          expect(parser).toParse("1\rx",   [2, 1]); // Old Mac
+          expect(parser).toParse("1\r\nx", [2, 1]); // Windows
+          expect(parser).toParse("1\n\rx", [3, 1]); // mismatched
+
+          /* Strange newlines */
+          expect(parser).toParse("1\u2028x", [2, 1]); // line separator
+          expect(parser).toParse("1\u2029x", [2, 1]); // paragraph separator
+        });
+      }
+
+      it("can use variables defined in the initializer", function() {
+        var parser = PEG.buildParser([
+              '{ var v = 42 }',
+              'start = "a" { return v; }'
+            ].join("\n"), options);
+
+        expect(parser).toParse("a", 42);
+      });
+
+      it("can use functions defined in the initializer", function() {
+        var parser = PEG.buildParser([
+              '{ function f() { return 42; } }',
+              'start = "a" { return f(); }'
+            ].join("\n"), options);
+
+        expect(parser).toParse("a", 42);
+      });
+
+      it("does not advance position when the expression matches but the action returns |null|", function() {
+        var parser = PEG.buildParser(
+              'start = "a" { return null; } / "a"',
+              options
+            );
+
+        expect(parser).toParse("a", "a");
+      });
+    });
+
     describe("sequence matching", function() {
       it("matches empty sequence correctly", function() {
         var parser = PEG.buildParser('start = ', options);
@@ -447,96 +537,6 @@ describe("generated parser", function() {
       });
     });
 
-    describe("action code", function() {
-      it("tranforms the expression result by returnung a non-|null| value", function() {
-        var parser = PEG.buildParser('start = "a" { return 42; }', options);
-
-        expect(parser).toParse("a", 42);
-      });
-
-      it("causes match failure by returning |null|", function() {
-        var parser = PEG.buildParser('start = "a" { return null; }', options);
-
-        expect(parser).toFailToParse("a");
-      });
-
-      it("is not called when the expression does not match", function() {
-        var parser = PEG.buildParser(
-              'start = "a" { throw "Boom!"; } / "b"',
-              options
-            );
-
-        expect(parser).toParse("b", "b");
-      });
-
-      it("can use label variables", function() {
-        var parser = PEG.buildParser('start = a:"a" { return a; }', options);
-
-        expect(parser).toParse("a", "a");
-      });
-
-      it("can use the |offset| variable to get the current parse position", function() {
-        var parser = PEG.buildParser(
-              'start = "a" ("b" { return offset; })',
-              options
-            );
-
-        expect(parser).toParse("ab", ["a", 1]);
-      });
-
-      if (options.trackLineAndColumn) {
-        it("can use the |line| and |column| variables to get the current line and column", function() {
-          var parser = PEG.buildParser([
-                '{ var result; }',
-                'start  = line (nl+ line)* { return result; }',
-                'line   = thing (" "+ thing)*',
-                'thing  = digit / mark',
-                'digit  = [0-9]',
-                'mark   = "x" { result = [line, column]; }',
-                'nl     = ("\\r" / "\\n" / "\\u2028" / "\\u2029")'
-              ].join("\n"), options);
-
-          expect(parser).toParse("1\n2\n\n3\n\n\n4 5 x", [7, 5]);
-
-          /* Non-Unix newlines */
-          expect(parser).toParse("1\rx",   [2, 1]); // Old Mac
-          expect(parser).toParse("1\r\nx", [2, 1]); // Windows
-          expect(parser).toParse("1\n\rx", [3, 1]); // mismatched
-
-          /* Strange newlines */
-          expect(parser).toParse("1\u2028x", [2, 1]); // line separator
-          expect(parser).toParse("1\u2029x", [2, 1]); // paragraph separator
-        });
-      }
-
-      it("can use variables defined in the initializer", function() {
-        var parser = PEG.buildParser([
-              '{ var v = 42 }',
-              'start = "a" { return v; }'
-            ].join("\n"), options);
-
-        expect(parser).toParse("a", 42);
-      });
-
-      it("can use functions defined in the initializer", function() {
-        var parser = PEG.buildParser([
-              '{ function f() { return 42; } }',
-              'start = "a" { return f(); }'
-            ].join("\n"), options);
-
-        expect(parser).toParse("a", 42);
-      });
-
-      it("does not advance position when the expression matches but the action returns |null|", function() {
-        var parser = PEG.buildParser(
-              'start = "a" { return null; } / "a"',
-              options
-            );
-
-        expect(parser).toParse("a", "a");
-      });
-    });
-
     describe("rule reference matching", function() {
       it("follows rule references", function() {
         var parser = PEG.buildParser([
diff --git a/src/compiler/passes/compute-params.js b/src/compiler/passes/compute-params.js
index 68379e8..926c7de 100644
--- a/src/compiler/passes/compute-params.js
+++ b/src/compiler/passes/compute-params.js
@@ -52,6 +52,14 @@ PEG.compiler.passes.computeParams = function(ast) {
         scoped(function() { each(node.alternatives, compute); });
       },
 
+    action:
+      function(node) {
+        scoped(function() {
+          compute(node.expression);
+          computeParams(node);
+        });
+      },
+
     sequence:
       function(node) {
         var env = envs[envs.length - 1], name;
@@ -86,15 +94,6 @@ PEG.compiler.passes.computeParams = function(ast) {
     optional:     computeForScopedExpression,
     zero_or_more: computeForScopedExpression,
     one_or_more:  computeForScopedExpression,
-
-    action:
-      function(node) {
-        scoped(function() {
-          compute(node.expression);
-          computeParams(node);
-        });
-      },
-
     rule_ref:     nop,
     literal:      nop,
     "class":      nop,
diff --git a/src/compiler/passes/compute-var-names.js b/src/compiler/passes/compute-var-names.js
index 7a28fc5..6121fd3 100644
--- a/src/compiler/passes/compute-var-names.js
+++ b/src/compiler/passes/compute-var-names.js
@@ -80,6 +80,8 @@ PEG.compiler.passes.computeVarNames = function(ast) {
         };
       },
 
+    action:       computeFromExpression({ result: 0, pos: 1 }),
+
     sequence:
       function(node, index) {
         var depths = map(node.elements, function(element, i) {
@@ -116,7 +118,6 @@ PEG.compiler.passes.computeVarNames = function(ast) {
     optional:     computeFromExpression({ result: 0, pos: 0 }),
     zero_or_more: computeFromExpression({ result: 1, pos: 0 }),
     one_or_more:  computeFromExpression({ result: 1, pos: 0 }),
-    action:       computeFromExpression({ result: 0, pos: 1 }),
     rule_ref:     computeLeaf,
     literal:      computeLeaf,
     "class":      computeLeaf,
diff --git a/src/compiler/passes/generate-code.js b/src/compiler/passes/generate-code.js
index 67d89be..a74f089 100644
--- a/src/compiler/passes/generate-code.js
+++ b/src/compiler/passes/generate-code.js
@@ -593,6 +593,16 @@ PEG.compiler.passes.generateCode = function(ast, options) {
             '  #block code',
             '}'
           ],
+          action: [
+            '#{posSave(node)};',
+            '#block emit(node.expression)',
+            'if (#{node.resultVar} !== null) {',
+            '  #{node.resultVar} = (function(#{(options.trackLineAndColumn ? ["offset", "line", "column"] : ["offset"]).concat(keys(node.params)).join(", ")}) {#{node.code}})(#{(options.trackLineAndColumn ? [node.posVar + ".offset", node.posVar + ".line", node.posVar + ".column"] : [node.posVar]).concat(values(node.params)).join(", ")});',
+            '}',
+            'if (#{node.resultVar} === null) {',
+            '  #{posRestore(node)};',
+            '}'
+          ],
           sequence: [
             '#{posSave(node)};',
             '#block code'
@@ -663,16 +673,6 @@ PEG.compiler.passes.generateCode = function(ast, options) {
             '  #{node.resultVar} = null;',
             '}'
           ],
-          action: [
-            '#{posSave(node)};',
-            '#block emit(node.expression)',
-            'if (#{node.resultVar} !== null) {',
-            '  #{node.resultVar} = (function(#{(options.trackLineAndColumn ? ["offset", "line", "column"] : ["offset"]).concat(keys(node.params)).join(", ")}) {#{node.code}})(#{(options.trackLineAndColumn ? [node.posVar + ".offset", node.posVar + ".line", node.posVar + ".column"] : [node.posVar]).concat(values(node.params)).join(", ")});',
-            '}',
-            'if (#{node.resultVar} === null) {',
-            '  #{posRestore(node)};',
-            '}'
-          ],
           rule_ref: [
             '#{node.resultVar} = parse_#{node.name}();'
           ],
@@ -832,6 +832,8 @@ PEG.compiler.passes.generateCode = function(ast, options) {
       return code;
     },
 
+    action: emitSimple("action"),
+
     sequence: function(node) {
       var code = fill("sequence.inner", { node: node });
 
@@ -855,7 +857,6 @@ PEG.compiler.passes.generateCode = function(ast, options) {
     optional:     emitSimple("optional"),
     zero_or_more: emitSimple("zero_or_more"),
     one_or_more:  emitSimple("one_or_more"),
-    action:       emitSimple("action"),
     rule_ref:     emitSimple("rule_ref"),
     literal:      emitSimple("literal"),
 
diff --git a/src/compiler/passes/report-left-recursion.js b/src/compiler/passes/report-left-recursion.js
index caef1cf..60251e8 100644
--- a/src/compiler/passes/report-left-recursion.js
+++ b/src/compiler/passes/report-left-recursion.js
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ PEG.compiler.passes.reportLeftRecursion = function(ast) {
 
     named:       checkExpression,
     choice:      checkSubnodes("alternatives"),
+    action:      checkExpression,
 
     sequence:
       function(node, appliedRules) {
@@ -40,7 +41,6 @@ PEG.compiler.passes.reportLeftRecursion = function(ast) {
     optional:     checkExpression,
     zero_or_more: checkExpression,
     one_or_more:  checkExpression,
-    action:       checkExpression,
 
     rule_ref:
       function(node, appliedRules) {
diff --git a/src/compiler/passes/report-missing-rules.js b/src/compiler/passes/report-missing-rules.js
index 35add74..0a14877 100644
--- a/src/compiler/passes/report-missing-rules.js
+++ b/src/compiler/passes/report-missing-rules.js
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ PEG.compiler.passes.reportMissingRules = function(ast) {
     rule:         checkExpression,
     named:        checkExpression,
     choice:       checkSubnodes("alternatives"),
+    action:       checkExpression,
     sequence:     checkSubnodes("elements"),
     labeled:      checkExpression,
     simple_and:   checkExpression,
@@ -22,7 +23,6 @@ PEG.compiler.passes.reportMissingRules = function(ast) {
     optional:     checkExpression,
     zero_or_more: checkExpression,
     one_or_more:  checkExpression,
-    action:       checkExpression,
 
     rule_ref:
       function(node) {