AST refactoring 6/6: Get rid of the |Grammar| namespace

lib/compiler.js

@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@
  * "start" is used.
  *
  * Throws |PEG.grammarParser.SyntaxError| if the grammar contains a syntax error
- * or |PEG.Grammar.GrammarError| if it contains a semantic error. Note that not
+ * or |PEG.GrammarError| if it contains a semantic error. Note that not all
- * all errors are detected during the generation and some may protrude to the
+ * errors are detected during the generation and some may protrude to the
  * generated parser and cause its malfunction.
  */
 PEG.buildParser = function(grammar, startRule) {
@@ -27,6 +27,17 @@ PEG.buildParser = function(grammar, startRule) {
   );
 };
 
+/* ===== PEG.GrammarError ===== */
+
+/* Thrown when the grammar contains an error. */
+
+PEG.GrammarError = function(message) {
+  this.name = "PEG.GrammarError";
+  this.message = message;
+};
+
+PEG.GrammarError.prototype = Error.prototype;
+
 /* ===== PEG.ArrayUtils ===== */
 
 /* Array manipulation utility functions. */
@@ -136,23 +147,6 @@ PEG.RegExpUtils = {
   }
 };
 
-/* ===== PEG.Grammar ===== */
-
-/* Namespace with grammar AST nodes. */
-
-PEG.Grammar = {};
-
-/* ===== PEG.Grammar.GrammarError ===== */
-
-/* Thrown when the grammar contains an error. */
-
-PEG.Grammar.GrammarError = function(message) {
-  this.name = "PEG.Grammar.GrammarError";
-  this.message = message;
-};
-
-PEG.Grammar.GrammarError.prototype = Error.prototype;
-
 /* ===== PEG.Compiler ===== */
 
 PEG.Compiler = {
@@ -261,8 +255,8 @@ PEG.Compiler = {
    * Checks made on the grammar AST before compilation. Each check is a function
    * that is passed the AST and start rule and does not return anything. If the
    * check passes, the function does not do anything special, otherwise it
-   * throws |PEG.Grammar.GrammarError|. The checks are run in sequence in order
+   * throws |PEG.GrammarError|. The checks are run in sequence in order of their
-   * of their definition.
+   * definition.
    */
   _checks: [
     /* Checks that all referenced rules exist. */
@@ -291,7 +285,7 @@ PEG.Compiler = {
         rule_ref:
           function(node) {
             if (ast[node.name] === undefined) {
-              throw new PEG.Grammar.GrammarError(
+              throw new PEG.GrammarError(
                 "Referenced rule \"" + node.name + "\" does not exist."
               );
             }
@@ -312,7 +306,7 @@ PEG.Compiler = {
     /* Checks that the start rule is defined. */
     function(ast, startRule) {
       if (ast[startRule] === undefined) {
-        throw new PEG.Grammar.GrammarError(
+        throw new PEG.GrammarError(
           "Missing \"" + startRule + "\" rule."
         );
       }
@@ -356,7 +350,7 @@ PEG.Compiler = {
         rule_ref:
           function(node, appliedRules) {
             if (PEG.ArrayUtils.contains(appliedRules, node.name)) {
-              throw new PEG.Grammar.GrammarError(
+              throw new PEG.GrammarError(
                 "Left recursion detected for rule \"" + node.name + "\"."
               );
             }
@@ -771,9 +765,9 @@ PEG.Compiler = {
 
   /*
    * Generates a parser from a specified grammar AST and start rule. Throws
-   * |PEG.Grammar.GrammarError| if the AST contains a semantic error. Note that
+   * |PEG.GrammarError| if the AST contains a semantic error. Note that not all
-   * not all errors are detected during the generation and some may protrude to
+   * errors are detected during the generation and some may protrude to the
-   * the generated parser and cause its malfunction.
+   * generated parser and cause its malfunction.
    */
   compileParser: function(ast, startRule) {
     /*

test/compiler-test.js

@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ test("buildParser reports syntax errors in the grammar", function() {
 test("buildParser reports missing start rule", function() {
   throws(
     function() { PEG.buildParser('notStart: "abcd"'); },
-    PEG.Grammar.GrammarError,
+    PEG.GrammarError,
     { message: "Missing \"start\" rule." }
   );
 });
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ test("buildParser reports missing referenced rules", function() {
   PEG.ArrayUtils.each(grammars, function(grammar) {
     throws(
       function() { PEG.buildParser(grammar); },
-      PEG.Grammar.GrammarError,
+      PEG.GrammarError,
       { message: "Referenced rule \"missing\" does not exist." }
     );
   });
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ test("buildParser reports left recursion", function() {
   PEG.ArrayUtils.each(grammars, function(grammar) {
     throws(
       function() { PEG.buildParser(grammar); },
-      PEG.Grammar.GrammarError,
+      PEG.GrammarError,
       { message: "Left recursion detected for rule \"start\"." }
     );
   });

test/metagrammar-test.js

@@ -16,505 +16,503 @@ global.grammarParserDoesNotParse = function(input) {
 
 module("Grammar Parser");
 
-with (PEG.Grammar) {
+function rule(name, displayName, expression) {
-  function rule(name, displayName, expression) {
+  return {
-    return {
+    type:        "rule",
-      type:        "rule",
+    name:        name,
-      name:        name,
+    displayName: displayName,
-      displayName: displayName,
+    expression:  expression
-      expression:  expression
+  };
-    };
+}
-  }
 
-  function choice(alternatives) {
+function choice(alternatives) {
-    return {
+  return {
-      type:        "choice",
+    type:        "choice",
-      alternatives: alternatives
+    alternatives: alternatives
-    };
+  };
-  }
+}
+
+function sequence(elements) {
+  return {
+    type:     "sequence",
+    elements: elements
+  };
+}
 
-  function sequence(elements) {
+function nodeWithExpressionConstructor(type) {
+  return function(expression) {
     return {
-      type:     "sequence",
+      type:       type,
-      elements: elements
+      expression: expression
     };
   }
+}
 
-  function nodeWithExpressionConstructor(type) {
+var andPredicate = nodeWithExpressionConstructor("and_predicate");
-    return function(expression) {
+var notPredicate = nodeWithExpressionConstructor("not_predicate");
-      return {
-        type:       type,
-        expression: expression
-      };
-    }
-  }
-
-  var andPredicate = nodeWithExpressionConstructor("and_predicate");
-  var notPredicate = nodeWithExpressionConstructor("not_predicate");
 
-  var optional     = nodeWithExpressionConstructor("optional");
+var optional     = nodeWithExpressionConstructor("optional");
-  var zeroOrMore   = nodeWithExpressionConstructor("zero_or_more");
+var zeroOrMore   = nodeWithExpressionConstructor("zero_or_more");
-  var oneOrMore    = nodeWithExpressionConstructor("one_or_more");
+var oneOrMore    = nodeWithExpressionConstructor("one_or_more");
 
-  function action(expression, action) {
+function action(expression, action) {
-    return {
+  return {
-      type:       "action",
+    type:       "action",
-      expression: expression,
+    expression: expression,
-      action:     action
+    action:     action
-    };
   };
+};
 
-  function ruleRef(name) {
+function ruleRef(name) {
-    return {
+  return {
-      type: "rule_ref",
+    type: "rule_ref",
-      name: name
+    name: name
-    };
+  };
-  }
+}
-
-  function literal(value) {
-    return {
-      type:  "literal",
-      value: value
-    };
-  }
 
-  function any() {
+function literal(value) {
-    return { type: "any" };
+  return {
-  }
+    type:  "literal",
+    value: value
+  };
+}
 
-  function klass(characters) {
+function any() {
-    return {
+  return { type: "any" };
-      type:       "class",
+}
-      characters: characters
-    };
-  }
 
-  var literalAbcd  = literal("abcd");
+function klass(characters) {
-  var literalEfgh  = literal("efgh");
+  return {
-  var literalIjkl  = literal("ijkl");
+    type:       "class",
+    characters: characters
+  };
+}
 
-  var optionalLiteral = optional(literalAbcd);
+var literalAbcd  = literal("abcd");
+var literalEfgh  = literal("efgh");
+var literalIjkl  = literal("ijkl");
 
-  var notAbcd = notPredicate(literalAbcd);
+var optionalLiteral = optional(literalAbcd);
-  var notEfgh = notPredicate(literalEfgh);
-  var notIjkl = notPredicate(literalIjkl);
 
-  var sequenceEmpty    = sequence([]);
+var notAbcd = notPredicate(literalAbcd);
-  var sequenceNots     = sequence([notAbcd, notEfgh, notIjkl]);
+var notEfgh = notPredicate(literalEfgh);
-  var sequenceLiterals = sequence([literalAbcd, literalEfgh, literalIjkl]);
+var notIjkl = notPredicate(literalIjkl);
 
-  var choiceLiterals = choice([literalAbcd, literalEfgh, literalIjkl]);
+var sequenceEmpty    = sequence([]);
+var sequenceNots     = sequence([notAbcd, notEfgh, notIjkl]);
+var sequenceLiterals = sequence([literalAbcd, literalEfgh, literalIjkl]);
 
-  function oneRuleGrammar(expression) {
+var choiceLiterals = choice([literalAbcd, literalEfgh, literalIjkl]);
-    return { start: rule("start", null, expression) };
-  }
 
-  var simpleGrammar = oneRuleGrammar(literal("abcd"));
+function oneRuleGrammar(expression) {
+  return { start: rule("start", null, expression) };
+}
 
-  function identifierGrammar(identifier) {
+var simpleGrammar = oneRuleGrammar(literal("abcd"));
-    return oneRuleGrammar(ruleRef(identifier));
-  }
 
-  var literal_ = literal
+function identifierGrammar(identifier) {
-  function literalGrammar(literal) {
+  return oneRuleGrammar(ruleRef(identifier));
-    return oneRuleGrammar(literal_(literal));
+}
-  }
 
-  function classGrammar(chars) {
+var literal_ = literal
-    return oneRuleGrammar(klass(chars));
+function literalGrammar(literal) {
-  }
+  return oneRuleGrammar(literal_(literal));
+}
 
-  var anyGrammar = oneRuleGrammar(any());
+function classGrammar(chars) {
+  return oneRuleGrammar(klass(chars));
+}
 
-  var action_ = action;
+var anyGrammar = oneRuleGrammar(any());
-  function actionGrammar(action) {
-    return oneRuleGrammar(action_(literal("a"), action));
-  }
 
-  /* Canonical grammar is "a: \"abcd\";\nb: \"efgh\";\nc: \"ijkl\";". */
+var action_ = action;
-  test("parses grammar", function() {
+function actionGrammar(action) {
-    grammarParserParses('a: "abcd"', { a: rule("a", null, literalAbcd) });
+  return oneRuleGrammar(action_(literal("a"), action));
-    grammarParserParses(
-      'a: "abcd"\nb: "efgh"\nc: "ijkl"',
-      {
-        a: rule("a", null, literalAbcd),
-        b: rule("b", null, literalEfgh),
-        c: rule("c", null, literalIjkl)
-      }
-    );
-  });
-
-  /* Canonical rule is "a: \"abcd\"". */
-  test("parses rule", function() {
-    grammarParserParses(
-      'start: "abcd" / "efgh" / "ijkl"',
-      oneRuleGrammar(choiceLiterals)
-    );
-    grammarParserParses(
-      'start "start rule": "abcd" / "efgh" / "ijkl"',
-      {
-        start: rule("start", "start rule", choiceLiterals)
-      }
-    );
-  });
-
-  /* Canonical expression is "\"abcd\" / \"efgh\" / \"ijkl\"". */
-  test("parses expression", function() {
-    grammarParserParses(
-      'start: "abcd" / "efgh" / "ijkl"',
-      oneRuleGrammar(choiceLiterals)
-    );
-  });
-
-  /* Canonical choice is "\"abcd\" / \"efgh\" / \"ijkl\"". */
-  test("parses choice", function() {
-    grammarParserParses(
-      'start: "abcd" "efgh" "ijkl"',
-      oneRuleGrammar(sequenceLiterals)
-    );
-    grammarParserParses(
-      'start: "abcd" "efgh" "ijkl" / "abcd" "efgh" "ijkl" / "abcd" "efgh" "ijkl"',
-      oneRuleGrammar(choice([
-        sequenceLiterals,
-        sequenceLiterals,
-        sequenceLiterals
-      ]))
-    );
-  });
-
-  /* Canonical sequence is "\"abcd\" \"efgh\" \"ijkl\"". */
-  test("parses sequence", function() {
-    grammarParserParses(
-      'start: { code }',
-      oneRuleGrammar(action(sequenceEmpty, " code "))
-    );
-    grammarParserParses(
-      'start: !"abcd" { code }',
-      oneRuleGrammar(action(notAbcd, " code "))
-    );
-    grammarParserParses(
-      'start: !"abcd" !"efgh" !"ijkl" { code }',
-      oneRuleGrammar(action(sequenceNots, " code "))
-    );
-
-    grammarParserParses('start: ',        oneRuleGrammar(sequenceEmpty));
-    grammarParserParses('start: !"abcd"', oneRuleGrammar(notAbcd));
-    grammarParserParses(
-      'start: !"abcd" !"efgh" !"ijkl"',
-      oneRuleGrammar(sequenceNots)
-    );
-  });
-
-  /* Canonical prefixed is "!\"abcd\"". */
-  test("parses prefixed", function() {
-    grammarParserParses('start: &"abcd"?', oneRuleGrammar(andPredicate(optionalLiteral)));
-    grammarParserParses('start: !"abcd"?', oneRuleGrammar(notPredicate(optionalLiteral)));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "abcd"?',  oneRuleGrammar(optionalLiteral));
-  });
-
-  /* Canonical suffixed is "\"abcd\"?". */
-  test("parses suffixed", function() {
-    grammarParserParses('start: "abcd"?', oneRuleGrammar(optionalLiteral));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "abcd"*', oneRuleGrammar(zeroOrMore(literalAbcd)));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "abcd"+', oneRuleGrammar(oneOrMore(literalAbcd)));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "abcd"',  literalGrammar("abcd"));
-  });
-
-  /* Canonical primary is "\"abcd\"". */
-  test("parses primary", function() {
-    grammarParserParses('start: a',        identifierGrammar("a"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "abcd"',   literalGrammar("abcd"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: .',        anyGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start: [a-d]',    classGrammar("a-d"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: ("abcd")', literalGrammar("abcd"));
-  });
-
-  /* Canonical action is "{ code }". */
-  test("parses action", function() {
-    grammarParserParses('start: "a" { code }', actionGrammar(" code "));
-  });
-
-  /* Canonical braced is "{ code }". */
-  test("parses braced", function() {
-    grammarParserParses('start: "a" {}',    actionGrammar(""));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "a" {a}',   actionGrammar("a"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "a" {{a}}', actionGrammar("{a}"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "a" {aaa}', actionGrammar("aaa"));
-  });
-
-  /* Trivial character rules are not tested. */
-
-  /* Canonical identifier is "a". */
-  test("parses identifier", function() {
-    grammarParserParses('start: a',    identifierGrammar("a"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: z',    identifierGrammar("z"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: A',    identifierGrammar("A"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: Z',    identifierGrammar("Z"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: _',    identifierGrammar("_"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: $',    identifierGrammar("$"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: aa',   identifierGrammar("aa"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: az',   identifierGrammar("az"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: aA',   identifierGrammar("aA"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: aZ',   identifierGrammar("aZ"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: a0',   identifierGrammar("a0"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: a9',   identifierGrammar("a9"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: a_',   identifierGrammar("a_"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: a$',   identifierGrammar("a$"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: abcd', identifierGrammar("abcd"));
-
-    grammarParserParses('start: a\n',  identifierGrammar("a"));
-  });
-
-  /* Canonical literal is "\"abcd\"". */
-  test("parses literal", function() {
-    grammarParserParses('start: "abcd"', literalGrammar("abcd"));
-    grammarParserParses("start: 'abcd'", literalGrammar("abcd"));
-  });
-
-  /* Canonical doubleQuotedLiteral is "\"abcd\"". */
-  test("parses doubleQuotedLiteral", function() {
-    grammarParserParses('start: ""',       literalGrammar(""));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "a"',      literalGrammar("a"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "abc"',    literalGrammar("abc"));
-
-    grammarParserParses('start: "abcd"\n', literalGrammar("abcd"));
-  });
-
-  /* Canonical doubleQuotedCharacter is "a". */
-  test("parses doubleQuotedCharacter", function() {
-    grammarParserParses('start: "a"',       literalGrammar("a"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\n"',     literalGrammar("\n"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\0"',     literalGrammar("\0"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\x00"',   literalGrammar("\x00"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\u0120"', literalGrammar("\u0120"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\\n"',    literalGrammar("\n"));
-  });
-
-  /* Canonical simpleDoubleQuotedCharacter is "a". */
-  test("parses simpleDoubleQuotedCharacter", function() {
-    grammarParserParses('start: "a"',  literalGrammar("a"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\'"', literalGrammar("'"));
-    grammarParserDoesNotParse('start: """');
-    grammarParserDoesNotParse('start: "\\"');
-    grammarParserDoesNotParse('start: "\n"');
-    grammarParserDoesNotParse('start: "\r"');
-    grammarParserDoesNotParse('start: "\u2028"');
-    grammarParserDoesNotParse('start: "\u2029"');
-  });
-
-  /* Canonical singleQuotedLiteral is "'abcd'". */
-  test("parses singleQuotedLiteral", function() {
-    grammarParserParses("start: ''",       literalGrammar(""));
-    grammarParserParses("start: 'a'",      literalGrammar("a"));
-    grammarParserParses("start: 'abc'",    literalGrammar("abc"));
-
-    grammarParserParses("start: 'abcd'\n", literalGrammar("abcd"));
-  });
-
-  /* Canonical singleQuotedCharacter is "a". */
-  test("parses singleQuotedCharacter", function() {
-    grammarParserParses("start: 'a'",       literalGrammar("a"));
-    grammarParserParses("start: '\\n'",     literalGrammar("\n"));
-    grammarParserParses("start: '\\0'",     literalGrammar("\0"));
-    grammarParserParses("start: '\\x00'",   literalGrammar("\x00"));
-    grammarParserParses("start: '\\u0120'", literalGrammar("\u0120"));
-    grammarParserParses("start: '\\\n'",    literalGrammar("\n"));
-  });
-
-  /* Canonical simpleSingleQuotedCharacter is "a". */
-  test("parses simpleSingleQuotedCharacter", function() {
-    grammarParserParses("start: 'a'",  literalGrammar("a"));
-    grammarParserParses("start: '\"'", literalGrammar("\""));
-    grammarParserDoesNotParse("start: '''");
-    grammarParserDoesNotParse("start: '\\'");
-    grammarParserDoesNotParse("start: '\n'");
-    grammarParserDoesNotParse("start: '\r'");
-    grammarParserDoesNotParse("start: '\u2028'");
-    grammarParserDoesNotParse("start: '\u2029'");
-  });
-
-  /* Canonical class is "[a-d]". */
-  test("parses class", function() {
-    grammarParserParses("start: []",          classGrammar(""));
-    grammarParserParses("start: [a-d]",       classGrammar("a-d"));
-    grammarParserParses("start: [^a-d]",      classGrammar("^a-d"));
-    grammarParserParses("start: [a]",         classGrammar("a"));
-    grammarParserParses("start: [a-de-hi-l]", classGrammar("a-de-hi-l"));
-
-    grammarParserParses("start: [a-d]\n", classGrammar("a-d"));
-  });
-
-  /* Canonical classCharacterRange is "a-d". */
-  test("parses classCharacterRange", function() {
-    grammarParserParses("start: [a-d]", classGrammar("a-d"));
-    grammarParserParses("start: [a-a]", classGrammar("a-a"));
-    grammarParserDoesNotParse("start: [b-a]");
-  });
-
-  /* Canonical classCharacter is "a". */
-  test("parses classCharacter", function() {
-    grammarParserParses("start: [a]", classGrammar("a"));
-  });
-
-  /* Canonical bracketDelimitedCharacter is "a". */
-  test("parses bracketDelimitedCharacter", function() {
-    grammarParserParses("start: [a]",       classGrammar("a"));
-    grammarParserParses("start: [\\n]",     classGrammar("\\n"));
-    grammarParserParses("start: [\\0]",     classGrammar("\\0"));
-    grammarParserParses("start: [\\x00]",   classGrammar("\\0"));
-    grammarParserParses("start: [\\u0120]", classGrammar("\u0120"));
-    grammarParserParses("start: [\\\n]",    classGrammar("\\n"));
-  });
-
-  /* Canonical simpleBracketDelimiedCharacter is "a". */
-  test("parses simpleBracketDelimitedCharacter", function() {
-    grammarParserParses("start: [a]",  classGrammar("a"));
-    grammarParserParses("start: [[]",  classGrammar("["));
-    grammarParserDoesNotParse("start: []]");
-    grammarParserDoesNotParse("start: [\\]");
-    grammarParserDoesNotParse("start: [\n]");
-    grammarParserDoesNotParse("start: [\r]");
-    grammarParserDoesNotParse("start: [\u2028]");
-    grammarParserDoesNotParse("start: [\u2029]");
-  });
-
-  /* Canonical simpleEscapeSequence is "\\n". */
-  test("parses simpleEscapeSequence", function() {
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\\'"', literalGrammar("'"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\""',  literalGrammar("\""));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\\\"', literalGrammar("\\"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\b"',  literalGrammar("\b"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\f"',  literalGrammar("\f"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\n"',  literalGrammar("\n"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\r"',  literalGrammar("\r"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\t"',  literalGrammar("\t"));
-    /* IE does not recognize "\v". */
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\v"',  literalGrammar("\x0B"));
-
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\a"',  literalGrammar("a"));
-  });
-
-  /* Canonical zeroEscapeSequence is "\\0". */
-  test("parses zeroEscapeSequence", function() {
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\0"', literalGrammar("\0"));
-    grammarParserDoesNotParse('start: "\\00"');
-    grammarParserDoesNotParse('start: "\\09"');
-  });
-
-  /* Canonical hexEscapeSequence is "\\x00". */
-  test("parses hexEscapeSequence", function() {
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\x00"',  literalGrammar("\x00"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\x09"',  literalGrammar("\x09"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\x0a"',  literalGrammar("\x0a"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\x0f"',  literalGrammar("\x0f"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\x0A"',  literalGrammar("\x0A"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\x0F"',  literalGrammar("\x0F"));
-    grammarParserDoesNotParse('start: "\\x0"');
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\x000"', literalGrammar("\x000"));
-  });
-
-  /* Canonical unicodeEscapeSequence is "\\u0120". */
-  test("parses unicodeEscapeSequence", function() {
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\u0120"',  literalGrammar("\u0120"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\u0129"',  literalGrammar("\u0129"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\u012a"',  literalGrammar("\u012a"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\u012f"',  literalGrammar("\u012f"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\u012A"',  literalGrammar("\u012A"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\u012F"',  literalGrammar("\u012F"));
-    grammarParserDoesNotParse('start: "\\u012"');
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\u01234"', literalGrammar("\u01234"));
-  });
-
-  /* Canonical eolEscapeSequence is "\\\n". */
-  test("parses eolEscapeSequence", function() {
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\\n"',     literalGrammar("\n"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\\r\n"',   literalGrammar("\r\n"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\\r"',     literalGrammar("\r"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\\u2028"', literalGrammar("\u2028"));
-    grammarParserParses('start: "\\\u2029"', literalGrammar("\u2029"));
-  });
-
-  /* Canonical __ is "\n". */
-  test("parses __", function() {
-    grammarParserParses('start:"abcd"',              simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start: "abcd"',             simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:\n"abcd"',            simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:/* comment */"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:   "abcd"',           simpleGrammar);
-  });
-
-  /* Trivial character class rules are not tested. */
-
-  /* Canonical comment is "\/* comment *\/". */
-  test("parses comment", function() {
-    grammarParserParses('start:// comment\n"abcd"',  simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:/* comment */"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
-  });
-  /* Canonical singleLineComment is "// comment". */
-  test("parses singleLineComment", function() {
-    grammarParserParses('start://\n"abcd"',    simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start://a\n"abcd"',   simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start://aaa\n"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start: "abcd"//',     simpleGrammar);
-  });
-
-  /* Canonical multiLineComment is "\/* comment *\/". */
-  test("parses multiLineComment", function() {
-    grammarParserParses('start:/**/"abcd"',    simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:/*a*/"abcd"',   simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:/*aaa*/"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:/*\n*/"abcd"',  simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:/***/"abcd"',   simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:/*a/*/"abcd"',  simpleGrammar);
-
-    grammarParserDoesNotParse('start:/*"abcd"');
-    grammarParserDoesNotParse('start:/*/"abcd"');
-    grammarParserDoesNotParse('start:/*/**/*/"abcd"');
-  });
-
-  /* Canonical eol is "\n". */
-  test("parses eol", function() {
-    grammarParserParses('start:\n"abcd"',     simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:\r\n"abcd"',   simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:\r"abcd"',     simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:\u2028"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:\u2029"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
-  });
-
-  /* Canonical eolChar is "\n". */
-  test("parses eolChar", function() {
-    grammarParserParses('start:\n"abcd"',     simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:\r"abcd"',     simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:\u2028"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:\u2029"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
-  });
-
-  /* Canonical whitespace is " ". */
-  test("parses whitespace", function() {
-    grammarParserParses('start:\t"abcd"',     simpleGrammar);
-    /* IE does not recognize "\v". */
-    grammarParserParses('start:\x0B"abcd"',   simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:\f"abcd"',     simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start: "abcd"',      simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:\u00A0"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:\uFEFF"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:\u1680"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:\u180E"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:\u2000"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:\u2001"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:\u2002"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:\u2003"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:\u2004"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:\u2005"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:\u2006"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:\u2007"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:\u2008"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:\u2009"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:\u200A"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:\u202F"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:\u205F"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
-    grammarParserParses('start:\u3000"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
-  });
 }
 
+/* Canonical grammar is "a: \"abcd\";\nb: \"efgh\";\nc: \"ijkl\";". */
+test("parses grammar", function() {
+  grammarParserParses('a: "abcd"', { a: rule("a", null, literalAbcd) });
+  grammarParserParses(
+    'a: "abcd"\nb: "efgh"\nc: "ijkl"',
+    {
+      a: rule("a", null, literalAbcd),
+      b: rule("b", null, literalEfgh),
+      c: rule("c", null, literalIjkl)
+    }
+  );
+});
+
+/* Canonical rule is "a: \"abcd\"". */
+test("parses rule", function() {
+  grammarParserParses(
+    'start: "abcd" / "efgh" / "ijkl"',
+    oneRuleGrammar(choiceLiterals)
+  );
+  grammarParserParses(
+    'start "start rule": "abcd" / "efgh" / "ijkl"',
+    {
+      start: rule("start", "start rule", choiceLiterals)
+    }
+  );
+});
+
+/* Canonical expression is "\"abcd\" / \"efgh\" / \"ijkl\"". */
+test("parses expression", function() {
+  grammarParserParses(
+    'start: "abcd" / "efgh" / "ijkl"',
+    oneRuleGrammar(choiceLiterals)
+  );
+});
+
+/* Canonical choice is "\"abcd\" / \"efgh\" / \"ijkl\"". */
+test("parses choice", function() {
+  grammarParserParses(
+    'start: "abcd" "efgh" "ijkl"',
+    oneRuleGrammar(sequenceLiterals)
+  );
+  grammarParserParses(
+    'start: "abcd" "efgh" "ijkl" / "abcd" "efgh" "ijkl" / "abcd" "efgh" "ijkl"',
+    oneRuleGrammar(choice([
+      sequenceLiterals,
+      sequenceLiterals,
+      sequenceLiterals
+    ]))
+  );
+});
+
+/* Canonical sequence is "\"abcd\" \"efgh\" \"ijkl\"". */
+test("parses sequence", function() {
+  grammarParserParses(
+    'start: { code }',
+    oneRuleGrammar(action(sequenceEmpty, " code "))
+  );
+  grammarParserParses(
+    'start: !"abcd" { code }',
+    oneRuleGrammar(action(notAbcd, " code "))
+  );
+  grammarParserParses(
+    'start: !"abcd" !"efgh" !"ijkl" { code }',
+    oneRuleGrammar(action(sequenceNots, " code "))
+  );
+
+  grammarParserParses('start: ',        oneRuleGrammar(sequenceEmpty));
+  grammarParserParses('start: !"abcd"', oneRuleGrammar(notAbcd));
+  grammarParserParses(
+    'start: !"abcd" !"efgh" !"ijkl"',
+    oneRuleGrammar(sequenceNots)
+  );
+});
+
+/* Canonical prefixed is "!\"abcd\"". */
+test("parses prefixed", function() {
+  grammarParserParses('start: &"abcd"?', oneRuleGrammar(andPredicate(optionalLiteral)));
+  grammarParserParses('start: !"abcd"?', oneRuleGrammar(notPredicate(optionalLiteral)));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "abcd"?',  oneRuleGrammar(optionalLiteral));
+});
+
+/* Canonical suffixed is "\"abcd\"?". */
+test("parses suffixed", function() {
+  grammarParserParses('start: "abcd"?', oneRuleGrammar(optionalLiteral));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "abcd"*', oneRuleGrammar(zeroOrMore(literalAbcd)));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "abcd"+', oneRuleGrammar(oneOrMore(literalAbcd)));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "abcd"',  literalGrammar("abcd"));
+});
+
+/* Canonical primary is "\"abcd\"". */
+test("parses primary", function() {
+  grammarParserParses('start: a',        identifierGrammar("a"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "abcd"',   literalGrammar("abcd"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: .',        anyGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start: [a-d]',    classGrammar("a-d"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: ("abcd")', literalGrammar("abcd"));
+});
+
+/* Canonical action is "{ code }". */
+test("parses action", function() {
+  grammarParserParses('start: "a" { code }', actionGrammar(" code "));
+});
+
+/* Canonical braced is "{ code }". */
+test("parses braced", function() {
+  grammarParserParses('start: "a" {}',    actionGrammar(""));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "a" {a}',   actionGrammar("a"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "a" {{a}}', actionGrammar("{a}"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "a" {aaa}', actionGrammar("aaa"));
+});
+
+/* Trivial character rules are not tested. */
+
+/* Canonical identifier is "a". */
+test("parses identifier", function() {
+  grammarParserParses('start: a',    identifierGrammar("a"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: z',    identifierGrammar("z"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: A',    identifierGrammar("A"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: Z',    identifierGrammar("Z"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: _',    identifierGrammar("_"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: $',    identifierGrammar("$"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: aa',   identifierGrammar("aa"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: az',   identifierGrammar("az"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: aA',   identifierGrammar("aA"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: aZ',   identifierGrammar("aZ"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: a0',   identifierGrammar("a0"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: a9',   identifierGrammar("a9"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: a_',   identifierGrammar("a_"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: a$',   identifierGrammar("a$"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: abcd', identifierGrammar("abcd"));
+
+  grammarParserParses('start: a\n',  identifierGrammar("a"));
+});
+
+/* Canonical literal is "\"abcd\"". */
+test("parses literal", function() {
+  grammarParserParses('start: "abcd"', literalGrammar("abcd"));
+  grammarParserParses("start: 'abcd'", literalGrammar("abcd"));
+});
+
+/* Canonical doubleQuotedLiteral is "\"abcd\"". */
+test("parses doubleQuotedLiteral", function() {
+  grammarParserParses('start: ""',       literalGrammar(""));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "a"',      literalGrammar("a"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "abc"',    literalGrammar("abc"));
+
+  grammarParserParses('start: "abcd"\n', literalGrammar("abcd"));
+});
+
+/* Canonical doubleQuotedCharacter is "a". */
+test("parses doubleQuotedCharacter", function() {
+  grammarParserParses('start: "a"',       literalGrammar("a"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\n"',     literalGrammar("\n"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\0"',     literalGrammar("\0"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\x00"',   literalGrammar("\x00"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\u0120"', literalGrammar("\u0120"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\\n"',    literalGrammar("\n"));
+});
+
+/* Canonical simpleDoubleQuotedCharacter is "a". */
+test("parses simpleDoubleQuotedCharacter", function() {
+  grammarParserParses('start: "a"',  literalGrammar("a"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\'"', literalGrammar("'"));
+  grammarParserDoesNotParse('start: """');
+  grammarParserDoesNotParse('start: "\\"');
+  grammarParserDoesNotParse('start: "\n"');
+  grammarParserDoesNotParse('start: "\r"');
+  grammarParserDoesNotParse('start: "\u2028"');
+  grammarParserDoesNotParse('start: "\u2029"');
+});
+
+/* Canonical singleQuotedLiteral is "'abcd'". */
+test("parses singleQuotedLiteral", function() {
+  grammarParserParses("start: ''",       literalGrammar(""));
+  grammarParserParses("start: 'a'",      literalGrammar("a"));
+  grammarParserParses("start: 'abc'",    literalGrammar("abc"));
+
+  grammarParserParses("start: 'abcd'\n", literalGrammar("abcd"));
+});
+
+/* Canonical singleQuotedCharacter is "a". */
+test("parses singleQuotedCharacter", function() {
+  grammarParserParses("start: 'a'",       literalGrammar("a"));
+  grammarParserParses("start: '\\n'",     literalGrammar("\n"));
+  grammarParserParses("start: '\\0'",     literalGrammar("\0"));
+  grammarParserParses("start: '\\x00'",   literalGrammar("\x00"));
+  grammarParserParses("start: '\\u0120'", literalGrammar("\u0120"));
+  grammarParserParses("start: '\\\n'",    literalGrammar("\n"));
+});
+
+/* Canonical simpleSingleQuotedCharacter is "a". */
+test("parses simpleSingleQuotedCharacter", function() {
+  grammarParserParses("start: 'a'",  literalGrammar("a"));
+  grammarParserParses("start: '\"'", literalGrammar("\""));
+  grammarParserDoesNotParse("start: '''");
+  grammarParserDoesNotParse("start: '\\'");
+  grammarParserDoesNotParse("start: '\n'");
+  grammarParserDoesNotParse("start: '\r'");
+  grammarParserDoesNotParse("start: '\u2028'");
+  grammarParserDoesNotParse("start: '\u2029'");
+});
+
+/* Canonical class is "[a-d]". */
+test("parses class", function() {
+  grammarParserParses("start: []",          classGrammar(""));
+  grammarParserParses("start: [a-d]",       classGrammar("a-d"));
+  grammarParserParses("start: [^a-d]",      classGrammar("^a-d"));
+  grammarParserParses("start: [a]",         classGrammar("a"));
+  grammarParserParses("start: [a-de-hi-l]", classGrammar("a-de-hi-l"));
+
+  grammarParserParses("start: [a-d]\n", classGrammar("a-d"));
+});
+
+/* Canonical classCharacterRange is "a-d". */
+test("parses classCharacterRange", function() {
+  grammarParserParses("start: [a-d]", classGrammar("a-d"));
+  grammarParserParses("start: [a-a]", classGrammar("a-a"));
+  grammarParserDoesNotParse("start: [b-a]");
+});
+
+/* Canonical classCharacter is "a". */
+test("parses classCharacter", function() {
+  grammarParserParses("start: [a]", classGrammar("a"));
+});
+
+/* Canonical bracketDelimitedCharacter is "a". */
+test("parses bracketDelimitedCharacter", function() {
+  grammarParserParses("start: [a]",       classGrammar("a"));
+  grammarParserParses("start: [\\n]",     classGrammar("\\n"));
+  grammarParserParses("start: [\\0]",     classGrammar("\\0"));
+  grammarParserParses("start: [\\x00]",   classGrammar("\\0"));
+  grammarParserParses("start: [\\u0120]", classGrammar("\u0120"));
+  grammarParserParses("start: [\\\n]",    classGrammar("\\n"));
+});
+
+/* Canonical simpleBracketDelimiedCharacter is "a". */
+test("parses simpleBracketDelimitedCharacter", function() {
+  grammarParserParses("start: [a]",  classGrammar("a"));
+  grammarParserParses("start: [[]",  classGrammar("["));
+  grammarParserDoesNotParse("start: []]");
+  grammarParserDoesNotParse("start: [\\]");
+  grammarParserDoesNotParse("start: [\n]");
+  grammarParserDoesNotParse("start: [\r]");
+  grammarParserDoesNotParse("start: [\u2028]");
+  grammarParserDoesNotParse("start: [\u2029]");
+});
+
+/* Canonical simpleEscapeSequence is "\\n". */
+test("parses simpleEscapeSequence", function() {
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\\'"', literalGrammar("'"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\""',  literalGrammar("\""));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\\\"', literalGrammar("\\"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\b"',  literalGrammar("\b"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\f"',  literalGrammar("\f"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\n"',  literalGrammar("\n"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\r"',  literalGrammar("\r"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\t"',  literalGrammar("\t"));
+  /* IE does not recognize "\v". */
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\v"',  literalGrammar("\x0B"));
+
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\a"',  literalGrammar("a"));
+});
+
+/* Canonical zeroEscapeSequence is "\\0". */
+test("parses zeroEscapeSequence", function() {
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\0"', literalGrammar("\0"));
+  grammarParserDoesNotParse('start: "\\00"');
+  grammarParserDoesNotParse('start: "\\09"');
+});
+
+/* Canonical hexEscapeSequence is "\\x00". */
+test("parses hexEscapeSequence", function() {
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\x00"',  literalGrammar("\x00"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\x09"',  literalGrammar("\x09"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\x0a"',  literalGrammar("\x0a"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\x0f"',  literalGrammar("\x0f"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\x0A"',  literalGrammar("\x0A"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\x0F"',  literalGrammar("\x0F"));
+  grammarParserDoesNotParse('start: "\\x0"');
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\x000"', literalGrammar("\x000"));
+});
+
+/* Canonical unicodeEscapeSequence is "\\u0120". */
+test("parses unicodeEscapeSequence", function() {
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\u0120"',  literalGrammar("\u0120"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\u0129"',  literalGrammar("\u0129"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\u012a"',  literalGrammar("\u012a"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\u012f"',  literalGrammar("\u012f"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\u012A"',  literalGrammar("\u012A"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\u012F"',  literalGrammar("\u012F"));
+  grammarParserDoesNotParse('start: "\\u012"');
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\u01234"', literalGrammar("\u01234"));
+});
+
+/* Canonical eolEscapeSequence is "\\\n". */
+test("parses eolEscapeSequence", function() {
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\\n"',     literalGrammar("\n"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\\r\n"',   literalGrammar("\r\n"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\\r"',     literalGrammar("\r"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\\u2028"', literalGrammar("\u2028"));
+  grammarParserParses('start: "\\\u2029"', literalGrammar("\u2029"));
+});
+
+/* Canonical __ is "\n". */
+test("parses __", function() {
+  grammarParserParses('start:"abcd"',              simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start: "abcd"',             simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:\n"abcd"',            simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:/* comment */"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:   "abcd"',           simpleGrammar);
+});
+
+/* Trivial character class rules are not tested. */
+
+/* Canonical comment is "\/* comment *\/". */
+test("parses comment", function() {
+  grammarParserParses('start:// comment\n"abcd"',  simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:/* comment */"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
+});
+/* Canonical singleLineComment is "// comment". */
+test("parses singleLineComment", function() {
+  grammarParserParses('start://\n"abcd"',    simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start://a\n"abcd"',   simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start://aaa\n"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start: "abcd"//',     simpleGrammar);
+});
+
+/* Canonical multiLineComment is "\/* comment *\/". */
+test("parses multiLineComment", function() {
+  grammarParserParses('start:/**/"abcd"',    simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:/*a*/"abcd"',   simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:/*aaa*/"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:/*\n*/"abcd"',  simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:/***/"abcd"',   simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:/*a/*/"abcd"',  simpleGrammar);
+
+  grammarParserDoesNotParse('start:/*"abcd"');
+  grammarParserDoesNotParse('start:/*/"abcd"');
+  grammarParserDoesNotParse('start:/*/**/*/"abcd"');
+});
+
+/* Canonical eol is "\n". */
+test("parses eol", function() {
+  grammarParserParses('start:\n"abcd"',     simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:\r\n"abcd"',   simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:\r"abcd"',     simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:\u2028"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:\u2029"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
+});
+
+/* Canonical eolChar is "\n". */
+test("parses eolChar", function() {
+  grammarParserParses('start:\n"abcd"',     simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:\r"abcd"',     simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:\u2028"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:\u2029"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
+});
+
+/* Canonical whitespace is " ". */
+test("parses whitespace", function() {
+  grammarParserParses('start:\t"abcd"',     simpleGrammar);
+  /* IE does not recognize "\v". */
+  grammarParserParses('start:\x0B"abcd"',   simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:\f"abcd"',     simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start: "abcd"',      simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:\u00A0"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:\uFEFF"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:\u1680"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:\u180E"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:\u2000"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:\u2001"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:\u2002"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:\u2003"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:\u2004"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:\u2005"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:\u2006"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:\u2007"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:\u2008"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:\u2009"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:\u200A"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:\u202F"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:\u205F"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
+  grammarParserParses('start:\u3000"abcd"', simpleGrammar);
+});
+
 })();