diff --git a/lib/compiler.js b/lib/compiler.js
index 3d107c0..fd9f27a 100644
--- a/lib/compiler.js
+++ b/lib/compiler.js
@@ -21,17 +21,22 @@ module.exports = {
    * during the generation and some may protrude to the generated parser and
    * cause its malfunction.
    */
-  compile: function(ast, options) {
-    if (options === undefined) { options = {}; }
+  compile: function(ast) {
+    var that    = this,
+        options = arguments.length > 1 ? utils.clone(arguments[1]) : {};
 
-    var that   = this,
-        output = options.output !== undefined ? options.output : "parser";
+    utils.defaults(options, {
+      allowedStartRules:  [ast.rules[0].name],
+      cache:              false,
+      optimize:           "speed",
+      output:             "parser"
+    });
 
     utils.each(this.appliedPassNames, function(passName) {
       that.passes[passName](ast, options);
     });
 
-    switch (output) {
+    switch (options.output) {
       case "parser": return eval(ast.code);
       case "source": return ast.code;
     }
diff --git a/lib/compiler/passes/generate-javascript.js b/lib/compiler/passes/generate-javascript.js
index 1784db2..3083107 100644
--- a/lib/compiler/passes/generate-javascript.js
+++ b/lib/compiler/passes/generate-javascript.js
@@ -3,13 +3,6 @@ var utils = require("../../utils"),
 
 /* Generates parser JavaScript code. */
 module.exports = function(ast, options) {
-  options = utils.clone(options);
-  utils.defaults(options, {
-    cache:              false,
-    allowedStartRules:  [ast.rules[0].name],
-    optimize:           "speed"
-  });
-
   /* These only indent non-empty lines to avoid trailing whitespace. */
   function indent2(code)  { return code.replace(/^(.+)$/gm, '  $1');         }
   function indent4(code)  { return code.replace(/^(.+)$/gm, '    $1');       }
diff --git a/lib/compiler/passes/remove-proxy-rules.js b/lib/compiler/passes/remove-proxy-rules.js
index 9b4d629..c269328 100644
--- a/lib/compiler/passes/remove-proxy-rules.js
+++ b/lib/compiler/passes/remove-proxy-rules.js
@@ -55,15 +55,12 @@ module.exports = function(ast, options) {
     replace(ast, from, to);
   }
 
-  var indices = [],
-      allowedStartRules = options.allowedStartRules !== undefined
-        ? options.allowedStartRules
-        : [ast.rules[0].name];
+  var indices = [];
 
   utils.each(ast.rules, function(rule, i) {
     if (isProxyRule(rule)) {
       replaceRuleRefs(ast, rule.name, rule.expression.name);
-      if (!utils.contains(allowedStartRules, rule.name)) {
+      if (!utils.contains(options.allowedStartRules, rule.name)) {
         indices.push(i);
       }
     }
diff --git a/spec/compiler/passes/remove-proxy-rules.spec.js b/spec/compiler/passes/remove-proxy-rules.spec.js
index c8433df..319a5e0 100644
--- a/spec/compiler/passes/remove-proxy-rules.spec.js
+++ b/spec/compiler/passes/remove-proxy-rules.spec.js
@@ -14,11 +14,12 @@ describe("compiler pass |removeProxyRules|", function() {
     };
   }
 
-  var proxiedRefDetails = { type: "rule_ref", name: "proxied" },
+  var defaultOptions    = { allowedStartRules: ["start"] },
+      proxiedRefDetails = { type: "rule_ref", name: "proxied" },
       simpleDetails     = expressionDetails({ expression: proxiedRefDetails });
 
   it("removes proxy rule from a rule", function() {
-    expect(pass).toChangeAST(proxyGrammar('start = proxy'), {
+    expect(pass).toChangeAST(proxyGrammar('start = proxy'), defaultOptions, {
       rules: [
         { type: "rule", name: "start", expression: proxiedRefDetails },
         { type: "rule", name: "proxied" }
@@ -29,6 +30,7 @@ describe("compiler pass |removeProxyRules|", function() {
   it("removes proxy rule from a named", function() {
     expect(pass).toChangeAST(
       proxyGrammar('start "start" = proxy'),
+      defaultOptions,
       simpleDetails
     );
   });
@@ -36,55 +38,91 @@ describe("compiler pass |removeProxyRules|", function() {
   it("removes proxy rule from a choice", function() {
     expect(pass).toChangeAST(
       proxyGrammar('start = proxy / "a" / "b"'),
+      defaultOptions,
       expressionDetails({ alternatives: [proxiedRefDetails, {}, {}] })
     );
     expect(pass).toChangeAST(
       proxyGrammar('start = "a" / "b" / proxy'),
+      defaultOptions,
       expressionDetails({ alternatives: [{}, {}, proxiedRefDetails] })
     );
   });
 
   it("removes proxy rule from an action", function() {
-    expect(pass).toChangeAST(proxyGrammar('start = proxy { }'), simpleDetails);
+    expect(pass).toChangeAST(
+      proxyGrammar('start = proxy { }'),
+      defaultOptions,
+      simpleDetails
+    );
   });
 
   it("removes proxy rule from a sequence", function() {
     expect(pass).toChangeAST(
       proxyGrammar('start = proxy "a" "b"'),
+      defaultOptions,
       expressionDetails({ elements: [proxiedRefDetails, {}, {}] })
     );
     expect(pass).toChangeAST(
       proxyGrammar('start = "a" "b" proxy'),
+      defaultOptions,
       expressionDetails({ elements: [{}, {}, proxiedRefDetails] })
     );
   });
 
   it("removes proxy rule from a labeled", function() {
-    expect(pass).toChangeAST(proxyGrammar('start = label:proxy'), simpleDetails);
+    expect(pass).toChangeAST(
+      proxyGrammar('start = label:proxy'),
+      defaultOptions,
+      simpleDetails
+    );
   });
 
   it("removes proxy rule from a text", function() {
-    expect(pass).toChangeAST(proxyGrammar('start = $proxy'), simpleDetails);
+    expect(pass).toChangeAST(
+      proxyGrammar('start = $proxy'),
+      defaultOptions,
+      simpleDetails
+    );
   });
 
   it("removes proxy rule from a simple and", function() {
-    expect(pass).toChangeAST(proxyGrammar('start = &proxy'), simpleDetails);
+    expect(pass).toChangeAST(
+      proxyGrammar('start = &proxy'),
+      defaultOptions,
+      simpleDetails
+    );
   });
 
   it("removes proxy rule from a simple not", function() {
-    expect(pass).toChangeAST(proxyGrammar('start = &proxy'), simpleDetails);
+    expect(pass).toChangeAST(
+      proxyGrammar('start = &proxy'),
+      defaultOptions,
+      simpleDetails
+    );
   });
 
   it("removes proxy rule from an optional", function() {
-    expect(pass).toChangeAST(proxyGrammar('start = proxy?'), simpleDetails);
+    expect(pass).toChangeAST(
+      proxyGrammar('start = proxy?'),
+      defaultOptions,
+      simpleDetails
+    );
   });
 
   it("removes proxy rule from a zero or more", function() {
-    expect(pass).toChangeAST(proxyGrammar('start = proxy*'), simpleDetails);
+    expect(pass).toChangeAST(
+      proxyGrammar('start = proxy*'),
+      defaultOptions,
+      simpleDetails
+    );
   });
 
   it("removes proxy rule from a one or more", function() {
-    expect(pass).toChangeAST(proxyGrammar('start = proxy+'), simpleDetails);
+    expect(pass).toChangeAST(
+      proxyGrammar('start = proxy+'),
+      defaultOptions,
+      simpleDetails
+    );
   });
 
   it("doesn't remove a proxy rule listed in |allowedStartRules|", function() {